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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI MADU LEBAH APIS DORSATA HUTAN SUMBAWA TERHADAP BAKTERI KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA PENYEBAB PNEUMONIA
ABSTRAK
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Madu Lebah Apis dorsata Hutan Sumbawa
terhadap Bakteri Klebsiella pneumonia Penyebab Pneumonia
Lania Pradiva Untari, Dr. dr. E. Hagni Wardoyo, Sp.MK., Sp.KL., Subsp. PH (K),
dr. Bayu Tirta Dirja, Ph.D., Sp.KL., Subsp. KT (K)
Latar Belakang : Klebsiella pneumoniae merupakan bakteri Gram negatif
oportunistik yang sering menyebabkan pneumonia nosokomial maupun komunitas.
Tingginya angka resistensi, termasuk terhadap antibiotik golongan ?-laktam dan
tetrasiklin, menjadikan infeksi oleh bakteri ini sulit ditangani dan berkontribusi
pada peningkatan mortalitas. Hal ini mendorong pencarian agen antibakteri
alternatif dari sumber alami. Madu telah lama dikenal memiliki aktivitas antibakteri
melalui mekanisme multifaktorial, seperti osmolaritas tinggi, pH rendah, hidrogen
peroksida, dan kandungan senyawa fenolik. Madu Apis dorsata hutan Sumbawa
memiliki potensi besar karena dipengaruhi oleh sumber nektar hutan tropis yang
kaya.
Tujuan : Mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri madu Apis dorsata hutan Sumbawa
terhadap Klebsiella pneumoniae
Metode : Madu diperoleh dari Lunyuk, Sumbawa. Uji dilakukan pada isolat K.
pneumoniae (dibawa dari Labkesmas Surabaya) dengan inokulum standar
(McFarland 0,5) dan enam ulangan tiap perlakuan. Konsentrasi madu yang diuji:
25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100% (v/v). Metode difusi sumuran untuk pengukuran
diameter zona hambat (inkubasi 18?24 jam pada 35?2 ?C). KHM ditentukan dari
kejernihan MHB setelah inkubasi; KBM ditentukan dengan plating 0,1 mL ke MHA
dan perhitungan jumlah koloni. Tetrasiklin dipakai sebagai kontrol positif.
Hasil : Pada uji sumuran, tidak ada zona hambat pada konsentrasi 25% dan 50% (0
mm). Zona hambat mulai muncul pada 75% dengan rata-rata 10,33 ? 1,03 mm dan
pada 100% sebesar 11,33 ? 1,63 mm; kontrol positif (tetrasiklin) menunjukkan zona
hambat 26 mm. KHM madu teramati pada 100% (v/v) (media tampak jernih). Pada
pengujian KBM, jumlah koloni menurun dari 461 (kontrol bakteri) menjadi 7 pada
100% madu, ekuivalen dengan reduksi ? 98,5% (?1,82 log); nilai ini belum
mencapai kriteria bakterisidal standar (?99,9% atau ?3 log).
Kesimpulan : Madu Apis dorsata hutan Sumbawa menunjukkan aktivitas
penghambatan terhadap K. pneumoniae yang tampak pada konsentrasi ?75% dan
mempunyai MIC pada 100% (v/v). Pada konsentrasi penuh (100%) madu
memberikan efek hampir bakterisidal namun belum memenuhi kriteria MBC baku.
Kata Kunci : Apis dorsata; madu Sumbawa; Klebsiella pneumoniae; MIC (KHM);
MBC (KBM).vii
ABSTRACT
Antibacterial Activity of Apis dorsata Forest Honey from Sumbawa against
Klebsiella pneumoniae, the Causative Agent of Pneumonia
Lania Pradiva Untari, Dr. dr. E. Hagni Wardoyo, Sp.MK., Sp.KL., Subsp. PH (K),
dr. Bayu Tirta Dirja, Ph.D., Sp.KL., Subsp. KT (K)
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium
frequently responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia.
The high rate of resistance, including to ?-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics,
makes infections caused by this pathogen difficult to treat and contributes to
increased mortality. This situation highlights the urgent need for alternative
antibacterial agents from natural sources. Honey has long been recognized for its
antibacterial properties through multifactorial mechanisms such as high
osmolarity, low pH, hydrogen peroxide, and phenolic compounds. Apis dorsata
honey from the forests of Sumbawa has great potential due to its richness in tropical
nectar sources.
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Apis dorsata honey from
Sumbawa forest against K. pneumoniae.
Methods: Honey was obtained from Lunyuk, Sumbawa. The test was conducted on
K. pneumoniae isolates (from Labkesmas Surabaya) using a standard inoculum (0.5
McFarland) with six replications per treatment. Honey concentrations tested were
25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (v/v). The well diffusion method was applied to measure
inhibition zones (incubated for 18?24 hours at 35 ? 2 ?C). MIC was determined by
broth clarity after incubation, while MBC was determined by plating 0.1 mL onto
MHA and counting colonies. Tetracycline was used as a positive control.
Results: In the well diffusion assay, no inhibition zone was observed at 25% and
50% (0 mm). Inhibition appeared at 75% with a mean of 10.33 ? 1.03 mm and at
100% with 11.33 ? 1.63 mm, while the positive control (tetracycline) showed a 26
mm zone. The MIC of honey was observed at 100% (v/v) (clear broth). For MBC,
colony counts decreased from 461 (bacterial control) to 7 at 100% honey,
equivalent to a ?98.5% reduction (?1.82 log); this value did not reach the
bactericidal standard criterion (?99.9% or ?3 log).
Conclusion: Apis dorsata honey from Sumbawa forest demonstrated inhibitory
activity against K. pneumoniae at concentrations ?75% and had an MIC at 100%
(v/v). At full concentration, honey exerted an almost bactericidal effect but did not
meet the standard MBC criterion.
Keywords: Apis dorsata; Sumbawa honey; Klebsiella pneumoniae; MIC; MBC.
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